Surgical considerations in diabetic vitrectomy
Review Article

糖尿病玻璃体切除术的相关考虑因素

Ajay Singh1,2,3, Jay M. Stewart4

1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Prairie Village, KS, USA; 2Discover Vision Centers, Leawood, KS, USA; 3Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; 4Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation and That Man May See; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Ajay Singh, MD. Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Retina and Vitreous, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 7400 State Line Road, Prairie Village, KS 66208, USA. Email: asingh@discovervision.com.

摘要:高速的、小切口的玻璃体切割手术系统已使得对糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)并发症的手术干预更加安全。抗血管内皮生长因子(抗-VEGF)的应用显著改善了DR患者术中和术后效果。这篇综述讨论了DR手术治疗的适应证。以及抗-VEGF药物作为手术辅助用药的作用,特别强调了该治疗术前应用的时机。

关键词:玻璃体切除术;玻璃体积血(VH);糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME);后部玻璃体牵拉;牵拉性视网膜脱离(TRD);贝伐单抗


Received: 22 July 2018; Accepted: 10 September 2018; Published: 16 October 2018.

doi: 10.21037/aes.2018.09.06


引言

美国有超过3000万人患有糖尿病[1]。预计大约25%的成年糖尿病患者(20-74岁)会发生视网膜病变。糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是该人群致盲的主要原因[1-3]。DR的病理生理学及其并发症是受多因素影响的,尚未被完全阐明。虽然DR并发症被认为主要由糖尿病微血管并发症引起,现在已经证实炎症在DR的发病机制中起着重要作用[4-7]

DR的病理改变将导致进行性视网膜缺血和细胞缺氧。这一进程是由多种促血管生成因子和炎症介质引发,最初会导致非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)的发生[8]。NPDR之后,随着病情发展到晚期,内界膜与后玻璃体界面之间出现新生异常血管,形成视网膜前纤维细胞膜(增厚的玻璃体),导致增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)。随着时间的推移,纤维细胞膜收缩对新生血管造成牵拉。由于该疾病的增殖特性,玻璃样异常附着使其无法和视网膜分开,对增殖膜的牵拉会导致玻璃体积血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)和牵拉性视网膜脱离(traction retinal detachment,TRD)。如果牵拉引起视网膜裂孔,就会导致TRD合并孔源性视网膜脱离。

虽然DR并发症的处理主要依靠手术治疗,最近抗-VEGF治疗的运用也在这方面取得了进展[9]


DR行平坦部玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)的适应证

玻璃体积血

糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切除手术研究(DRVS)显示,早期对1型糖尿病患者行PPV有显著的益处,因为手术的延迟会导致进一步的并发症和TRD[10]。VH仍然是PDR导致视力下降最常见的并发症。由于玻璃体切除手术系统变得更安全、更高效,对这种适应证已倾向于进行早期手术干预[11]。患者的意愿和全身健康状况也影响是否行早期手术治疗。一些并发症,如局限于部分脱离的玻璃体下的玻璃体后界膜下出血会造成严重的视力下降,是早期进行手术干预的适应证之一。此外,房角和虹膜新生血管,对侧眼严重的PDR及既往未接受过全视网膜激光光凝(pan-retinal photocoagulation,PRP)也是早期手术干预的适应证。

PPV术后VH并不少见。一些研究报告,在PDR并发症行PPV后数周至数月内,VH发生率可高达60%[12]。巩膜穿刺口的纤维血管组织增生被认为是PPV后VH的原因之一。有研究建议对此类病例行气体填充、巩膜穿刺口冷冻,术前抗-VEGF治疗和术前广泛的PRP来预防术后VH,不同的方法成功率各异[13]

牵拉性视网膜脱离

TRD对于玻璃体视网膜外科医生来讲仍然是一个具有挑战性的PDR并发症,尤其是当其合并孔源性视网膜脱离时,情况将变得更加复杂。典型的TRD通常起始于玻璃体紧密附着的视网膜血管弓区域。随着时间的推移,它逐渐向黄斑中央区进展,需要手术治疗。当TRD仅局限在周边部并且不合并VH时,这种情况可以密切观察随访。黄斑异位可由增殖的纤维组织逐渐牵拉中心凹引起。这是另一个需要密切观察的非黄斑威胁的TRD的迹象,因为这些病例的视力结果较差[14]

糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema ,DME)

DME是DR视力丧失最常见的原因。大约10%的糖尿病患者患有DME。对DME进行手术干预是有争议的,临床上只适用于少数特定的情况。继发于玻璃体黄斑牵引(vitreomacular traction,VMT)或后部玻璃体牵拉膜(taut posterior hyaloid membrane ,TPHM)的DME可行PPV,解除其对其下黄斑的牵拉。TPHM在裂隙灯显微镜下表现为黄斑区金箔样反光。在OCT上,它表现为高反射膜伴部分玻璃体后脱离(posterior vitreous detachment,PVD)和其下视网膜增厚。VMT被定义为局部的玻璃体后脱离,病灶区玻璃体视网膜交界面和视网膜紧密粘连。另一个需要手术干预的指征是经先前PPV切除后部玻璃体治疗无效的,仍然存在内界膜牵拉伴DME的患者[15]。如果没有以上这些指征,对DME患者行PPV可能会导致白内障进展,术后青光眼及术后VH发生,继而导致视力进一步下降[16,17]。有报道称,在无牵拉的病例中PPV后DME改善。这些病例中DME获得改善的机理尚不清楚。有人提出糖尿病患者的眼睛中具有促进血管通透性增加的细胞因子,PPV手术通过清除掉玻璃体促进了这些因子扩散远离视网膜。此外,PPV可改善视网膜的氧合作用,从而改善血视网膜屏障的完整性。除了所讨论的手术适应证外,PPV在DME治疗中的作用仍然存在争议[18]

新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)

DR和视网膜中央静脉阻塞仍然是NVG最常见的病因。NVG约占糖尿病患者失明原因的5%。

NVG是一种不受控制的PDR晚期并发症。其发病机制被认为是由于广泛的视网膜缺血导致血管增生性生长因子增加引起。这些因子扩散到眼前节,引起房角新生血管和纤维血管膜的生长,从而阻碍房水流出,引起眼压升高。针对这种情况的处理需要同时进行两个方面的考虑,针对病因治疗和处理高眼压。

对于这种并发症的处理需要及时的PRP。玻璃体腔注射贝伐单抗作为PRP治疗前或PRP后不能引起眼前节新生血管消退的短期治疗方案取得了一定成功。不幸的是,房角纤维血管膜收缩将导致永久性眼压升高,需要青光眼手术干预。

对于合并VH的患者,PPV联合眼内光凝是首选的治疗方法。在这些病例中,可通过PPV联合睫状体光凝术来降低眼压[19]。由于组织解剖结构扭曲,难治性NVG手术失败率高于原发性青光眼,这仍然是一个挑战。尽管抗-VEGF药物已被广泛用于NVG的联合治疗,但其长期的有效性仍缺乏足够充分的数据支持。使用或不使用抗代谢药物的小梁切除术和引流阀手术被越来越多地用于治疗NVG,并取得了不同程度的成功。无论是作为初次治疗方法还是作为首次抗青光眼手术失败后的二次治疗,睫状体破坏性治疗仍然是一种选择[20]


糖尿病视网膜病变的白内障手术

DR白内障手术术后黄斑囊样水肿发生率更高,同时手术也加重DME[21]。抗-VEGF药物与眼内类固醇注射降低了这种并发症的发生率。在这些药物应用之前,术前治疗DME的方法是对视网膜增厚区域行局灶性黄斑激光治疗。多项研究表明贝伐单抗、玻璃体内曲安奈德注射及地塞米松长效植入剂取得了成功。长效植入物的作用持续时间最长,因为它能在眼内更长时间内维持药物的治疗水平。注射药物的时机可在术前或术中,结果类似。术前和术后行OCT扫描测量黄斑部视网膜厚度对于监测药物的治疗反应非常重要[22,23]

贝伐单抗和其他药物作为手术辅助用药的应用

近年来,术前应用玻璃体腔注射贝伐单抗已被接受,因为它使得纤维血管膜的分离和剥离更为容易,同时也降低了术中、术后出血的发生率。贝伐单抗主要作用于血管,引起血管收缩从而减少术中出血。由于避免出血后具有更好的视野,使得术中操作更加简单。有人担心由于贝伐单抗造成纤维血管膜收缩从而使视网膜脱离情况恶化。仔细的术前检查对于选择适合进行抗-VEGF治疗的病例至关重要[24]。术前行贝伐单抗注射导致TRD发生和发展的概率较低。在一个大的病例系列报道中,只有不到5%的病例出现或有这种并发症的进展。有研究表明TRD发生、发展的平均时间少于14天,因此建议玻璃体内贝伐单抗注射应在PPV术前2周内进行。也有研究表明,应该在手术前4天内给药,因为在超过80%的病例中,TRD的发生和发展出现在注射后5天或更长时间。此外,更高剂量的贝伐单抗(2.5与1.5mg相比)引起TRD发生、发展的概率更高[25]

康柏西普(朗沐;康弘公司,中国四川)是一种VEGF受体(VEGFR)融合蛋白。它是一个人源化可溶性VEGFR蛋白,包括VEGFR-1胞外区域2与VEGFR-2胞外受体区域3和4,它们都是与人免疫球蛋白G1的Fc区结合。它通过阻断多个靶点VEGF-A,VEGF-B和胎盘胰岛素样生长因子,竞争性抑制与VEGF受体的结合发挥作用。有限的临床试验表明,它在降低术后玻璃体积血的发生率和改善术中视野上显示出和贝伐单抗类似的益处[26]


结论

小切口高速玻璃体切割系统,抗-VEGF和长效类固醇药物的应用对于晚期DR并发症的安全有效的治疗具有重要的作用。NVG的治疗对眼科医师仍然是一个挑战。尽管可以进行青光眼阀植入手术和抗-VEGF药物治疗,控制根本的病因是这类糖尿病患者治疗成功的关键。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editor (Jay M. Stewart) for the series “Diabetic Retinopathy” published in Annals of Eye Science. The article has undergone external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aes.2018.09.06). The series “Diabetic Retinopathy” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. JMS served as the unpaid Guest Editor of the series. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍
薛超
天津市眼科医院。医学博士,副主任医师。从事眼科临床及研究工作10余年,发表中心核心及SCI收录论文近20篇(SCI 7篇),作为参与人曾获天津市科学技术进步一等奖,主要研究方向为眼外伤,玻璃体视网膜疾病,眼生物力学。(更新时间:2021/8/6)
审校介绍
郑文斌
中山大学中山眼科中心。眼科学博士,主治医师,擅长眼科常见病、多发病的诊治。主要从事玻璃体视网膜疾病的基础与临床研究,参与多项科研项目,以第一作者发表SCI论文1篇,中文核心期刊论文1篇。(更新时间:2021/8/12)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/aes.2018.09.06
Cite this article as: Singh A, Stewart JM. Surgical considerations in diabetic vitrectomy. Ann Eye Sci 2018;3:53.

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